<TITLE: Agroforestry in the Tropics and Developing Countries
ACADEMIC DOMAIN: natural sciences
DISCIPLINE: forestry
EVENT TYPE: seminar presentation
FILE ID: USEMP140
NOTES: continuation of and continued in USEMD290, seminar also includes lecture ULEC240

RECORDING DURATION: 18 min 57 sec

RECORDING DATE: 26.4.2007

NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS: 10

NUMBER OF SPEAKERS: 1

S6: NATIVE-SPEAKER STATUS: French; ACADEMIC ROLE: masters student; GENDER: female; AGE: 17-23>


<S6> okay so er my talk will about erm (xx) agroforestry systems for the production of coffee in this specific area which is er central america and , okay @@ , okay so first of all er we should know that er coffee plant is a small shrub and er it is native to ethiopia but now it's wi- wide-spread all over the world the world so er there are many species of er different coffees but er the main er remarkable ones are er , it's er coffea arabica <WRITING ON BLACKBOARD, P:10> mhm-hm and this one is er coffea canephora which is the species of robusta coffee , which is <WRITING ON BLACKBOARD, P:10> (xx) , erm so as you can see er on this map in latin america it's er mainly arabica coffee which is grown and er for this country er er this is er no those countries are the main producers of er coffee er in the worl- in the world because the production is er economically er has an economically huge weight erm indeed we can erm er we can say that coffee represents between er 10 and 25 per cents of the agricultural production depending on the country in er central america , erm but coffee is also very important for er the landscape vision because there are erm a lot of hectares which are occupied by coffee plantation it's also important for the culture erm i mean social aspects and employment and it's also er important for the fame because er central america is supposed to be er renown for the quality of its coffee erm so here you can see that er latin america and caribbean countries are produ- producing er 50 per cent of the world's coffee <P:05> okay er traditionally coffee was grown under the er natural shade of er the trees of the er tropical forest er because er coffee is classified as a shade tolerant plant and er becau- because of er the er ag- agronomical er ecological and climatic conditions of er central american countries er coffee is er now er still er grown under shade trees and erm for this area central america and mexico we can't er we can define five main er classes or system erm according to their diversity complexity and management intensity and er there is er several points which aren't (xx) in those systems er it's the diversity of the component which are erm er added shade on the culture and er the diversity of the canopy height too so er if we are looking at the different erm system erm production and er agroforestry here is a rustic system <REFERRING TO A SLIDE IN THE PRESENTATION> and er in this s- system coffee is grown under erm the existing forest so it's native for a tropical forest and er there's er some changes er in the er in the the shade trees er in this one but small one er here you can see that the shade cover is very high er yeah between er 70 and 100 per cent er the second er class of er growing system is the polyculture er polycultural erm traditional one in this system er coffee is grown under less dense er shade and er the the canopy forest is er less important but erm the trees erm the tree diversity is often erm yeah often erm en- enhancing by the addition of medicinal or erm er utilitarian forest species and the third one is er commercial polyculture system including er more coffee plants and less er tree er cover <COUGH> er in in this system there is also some er food trees er most often er banana okay , in here and the first system coffee is er shaded monoculture coffee system erm there are almost erm only one or two tree species in this er canopy and er erm most of the time it's er only er the shade is provided just only er by one tree species er it's generally ligneous because with one species you need to have some erm er some directing parts and some er useful er aspects of the the of the species and the last one is er a f- the full the full sun production of coffee it's unshaded there's no er shade trees and there's only the the last one that can't be considered as er an agroforestry system because there is no shade trees <P:05> okay in central america erm the diversity of use of these systems are er are not very high because er the polyculture based system er most of all mexico er guatemala honduras and er nicaragua but also in this small country which el salvador and the modern intensive system with less shade are used er er often in costa rica in guatemala and in honduras and in nica- nicaragua but we have to see that there is er some differences between the countries because er forest shade is very used in er el salvador whereas it's few used in costa rica <DROPS THE POINTER, P:07> @mhm@ okay erm why planting plenty of forest shade er canopy for the growth of the coffee er first you have to plant a fast-growing er canopy which is temporary and after a permanent one and when the permanent er canopy is effective you can remove the first one for er this permanent tree er trees er the most grown species are inga species erythrina species gliri- er gliricidia species leucaena species and cordia species but there's there can be also some er food trees such as bananas or er also er (xx) species that can also be eucalyptus er species used as er windbreaks . here you have some example of these agroforestry systems in the first one you can see coffee grown under terminalia ivorensis and in this picture er you can see coffee grown under eucalyptus and here you can see that er the coffee is grown under the natural rainforest <P:05> okay while analysing er comparing the different system which i- which are er shaded system and sun system you can see that first er the yield is higher with sun system it's mainly due to the fact that there is more coffee plants er planted in this area so er more production and erm higher level of er kilograms produced by hectare but you can also see that here er the longevity of the stem is very lower in sun erm system and you can see with this er this line that the quality of the coffee <COUGH> is better under sh- er shaded system er but er yeah because it's less bitter er concerning the the biodiversity of the the areas there are many species which are bird and other fauna and mammal or also some other insect er species erm they are very common and there is a very high rate of different species in shaded erm areas whereas in suns er in sun areas they are there is very very er there are there is a very low rate of er different species and , erm if you are (highlighting) the the process for er (xx) your you know production er you can see that you have to have <COUGH> er more er chemical fer- fertilizer on sun er areas and more pesticides and because erm the weed- the weeds are more important in sun areas er you ha- you have also to er to add more water for the irrigation and the soil erosion is er higher the acidification too and the run-off too so according to those studies we can er we can conclude that you know agroforestry system er erm have a lot of advantages so we have seen that the coffee has a better quality <COUGH> it's mainly due er to the fact that er in those system <COUGH> the erm there is a a longer reaping period where the coffee can add many more sugar (xx) to preserve the seed and yes er we have seen too that er the longevity of the stem is higher <COUGH> some species can be used as windbreak and so the the damages caused by the wind is er are less important and er trees are providing provided erm erm special micro cli- climate which er reduces the the solar radiation and the heat and there's also reduction of light intensity and <COUGH> and the daytime temperature which is good because the the leaves er er can't er die there's also nutritional improve- improvement er the crop are less stressed erm as we saw just in the lecture before erm by using ligneous trees the fixation of nitrogen is improved by er sun (xx) fixation (xx) most of the time <COUGH> another point is that er the trees are are producing erm (saltpetre) which can erm ameliorate the soil quality and the organic matter (element) so we've also seen that er in the table before that er the growth of trees are is reduced and er if we focus on the environmental impact of this coffee er systems <COUGH> we can er notice er that trees can (xx) the the carbon and er so can have an impact on the greenhouse effect <COUGH> you have seen also that biodiversity is improved and that this is er mainly due because er to the fact that er the trees are providing erm habitats for a lot of er m- mi- migra- m- mi- what- e- for birds which are doing their migration in this area erm so er by reducing the the erosion and the water loss by lea- er by leaching and by er reducing the amount of fertilizer which er are (xx) added and the soil er and the water quality er are improved and are more (xx) and then also this improvement concerning erm the income er for the farmers because tree can provide so much other products and erm the quality that can have a er a higher price for the production <COUGH> because erm this production this this shade coffee erm can have er some labels and er because er it's okay it's mainly erm environmental frie- friendly coffee or er organic coffee or fair trade coffee er so this coffee can be sold at er higher price and also paying higher higher price to the produ- producers <COUGH> but we can also find some er disadvantage of these systems which are the competition for the so- soil resource resources so er here is the importance of the choice of the tree shade because it er the rooting system has to be deeper than the coffee one er to avoid this competition for soil resources , there can be also some labour er requirement er conflic- er concerning the (xx) and also if the shade is becoming too excessive er the the canopy need to be er maintained and because er the coffee plant can be more weak and can break if shade is er too excessive er flowering and fruiting are reduced so this is a (xx) point for the cropping production of coffee <COUGH> erm and also it can reduce yeah the (xx) fertilizer . so as i told before coffee can be erm so er you can er sell and <COUGH> and also different others here we have an example of er shade coffee as sold as organic one but there's also the products of the trees which can be fruits which is for example banana all edible products and the timber of the trees can be used as bio wood fuel fuel wood or also to to make some furniture or something else , <COUGH> er now er we can see that the price of the coffee <COUGH> is decreasing dramatically so er this is er yeah these are the numbers for er 2002 and er this is called the coffee crisis and that's why <COUGH> sorry some growers are using a new system which is er full sun coffee plantation and erm you know this is the new tendency . and to conclude my presentation we can say that er coffee based agricultural system are really more ecologicals of er ecologically socially and economically sustainable than coffee monoculture system and this er new er use of full sun coffee plantation er causes localisation of coffee production it can have some negative impacts er which can (xx) the environment so we have to take care of this er new new conversion of the plantation </S6>
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