<TITLE: Torus/Ester Conference: On the Scenes of Science 1
ACADEMIC DOMAIN: humanities
DISCIPLINE: history of science & technology
EVENT TYPE: conference presentation
FILE ID: CPRE03A
NOTES: continuation of and continued in CDIS03A, session also includes presentations CPRE03B-D (CDIS03B and CPRE03E are part of the same conference)

RECORDING DURATION: 33 min 30 sec

RECORDING DATE: 14.11.2003

NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS: unknown

NUMBER OF SPEAKERS: 1

S1: NATIVE-SPEAKER STATUS: Finnish; ACADEMIC ROLE: senior staff; GENDER: female; AGE: 31-50>


<S1> thank you ladies and gentlemen professors and students researchers , er my e- er idea is to analyse the relationship between town and university and i have few examples in my presentation , the english urban researcher john goddard has said that the european town used to possess two factors in olden time , the first of them is university in town , the other is the location of the town itself in central regions in europe , a- and third the location of town in an economic area that is historically (xx) , the location of universities and research institutes in the town is valued and considered important , universities create jobs and bring money via the taxes increased services , also in finland there are several examples in the past 100 years of towns decided to invest in universities and institution of higher education , the interact- action of town and gown has many different manifestations and it's difficult to measure the so-called impact of university , so you see here town and gown . the town gown relation have . have been very different in different european universities the history of european universities present many interesting examples of the complex system of relationship , between town and university , for example roland (gargov) has characterised the relationship between cambridge university and cambridge town as 700 years war , the town gown relationship in loewen in the 14th , or 15th was an interesting one , loewen acted with a conscious determination to (xx) (express its) in order to attract the university , the university was not forced to come to loewen but the town really wanted it and even agreed to pay the professors' salaries , this also meant that the town and its (residents) could choose the professors the staff . later since the late 19th century the town gown relationships took new forms , for example late 19th century really witnessed the birth of the so-called red brick universities (xx) universities (only its manchester was first) , they had close relations to towns <P:05> the new trend expected from institution of higher educational orientation and commitment to society's practical needs technical sciences medicine (and such) er the traditional university teaching . in finland the founding and expanding of universities and institution of higher education has been decisively linked to social situation , the transition periods of the society have brought the universities and academies in search of higher education to respond to the situation , i will next look at the expansion of finnish university establishment and its change (xx) from the towns perspective , how have towns in finland been involved in this development what have they offered to universities what have they expected from them , in the beginning of 20th century and then late 19th century a special characteristic of finnish university (xx) is the language question and position of finnish language in society both the upper classes and officials spoke swedish , when swedish was the language used in in universities , in in university and the majority of the population only spoke finnish . and next i i go to 17th century <COUGH> , with the university of turku , which was founded in <COUGH> 1640 , a- and it was founded as a contribution to the modernisation of the kingdom of sweden , in the 17th century sweden , universities were located near the cathedrals and and turku got the royal academy the old urban milieu around the cathedral has not changed , many of the existing buildings in the surrounding wall of cathedral were brought into the academic use here we see the student from 17th century life in turku didn't differ from the life in other university towns in the world , the academy provided towns people with (lawyers) income opportunities , professors and students required different kinds of s- services , on the other hand loads of student parties caused brawls with towns people as the many reports , we can see and read from the consistorial books . when finland became part of russia in the beginning of the 19th century the university received a new role as a place where the officers were being educated , the university produced professors (xx) , turku lost its position for as capital and as an university town , helsinki became the capital of imperial finland and the new university town the university also located in the heart of the town the centre of power <P:05> the number of students and professors was small but as a new secondary schools were founded particularly towards the end of the 19th century the number of secondary school graduates started to rise and university got more students . here we can see some statistics and the finnish speaking students and swedish speaking students . in the imperial alexander university the helsinki university took place mainly in swedish which caused difficulties especially for the growing group of finnish speaking secondary school graduates , the debate of the position of finnish language launched the university today the notion of founding a finnish speaking university arou- arose for the first time already in jyväskylä in in in 1850s when jyväskylä university fund was founded and received its first donations , at the beginning of 20th century the cultural magazine valve asked important persons , to tell and to write on the pages of magazine what was the most important task in the contemporary and future finnish society , some of them considered the university be , to be the key , some of them right rightly suggested that the new finnish speaking university , <COUGH> could for example be located in kuopio or oulu in in ko- in northern finland , in the years 1910 and 1911 it was said that there was a university movement in finland , an eagerness for universities manifesting itself in the form of university committees being appointed in several towns like lahti jyväskylä turku mikkeli and kuopio , the committees set out to make plans for getting the new finnish speaking university in town , furthermore helsinki newspapers and several local newspapers around the country issued articles and time came for new university the language question the an idea an ideal of new finnish speaking university ke- committed finnish language idealist and ideological foundation on which to campaign the time was right as the rising student numbers the so-called student crew began to make space difficulties for helsinki universities . it is indeed interesting to ask why small towns of a few 1000 inhabitants went for university and were willing to make significant economic sacrifices to get one what did the towns expect from the university it cost major economic efforts for these towns to create basic functions like elementary schools health care and care for the poor , th- three towns led the race as the former capital and cultural centre and old academic town turku considered itself a natural host of finnish university jyväskylä had the benefits of an established finnish speaking teacher training college and the keen interest on the education issues , in the beginning of 1910 lahti joined the battle for the university , here we see the future university town . lahti had been a town only since 1905 it was the youngest finnish town er er and there were about few thousand inhabitants , so lahti people didn't come up with the university idea the professors from helsinki suggested it first and inhabitants of lahti did , thought that the university idea they thought that first that it was impossible idea but soon they didn't take it seriously , lahti was becoming an important centre of business and trade it was near helsinki and the traffic connections were , good lahti town was immediately prepared to build the university building (xx) an annual subsidy and shared the construction costs , in 1910 1911 the people in lahti acted systematically and efficiently to to promote the university project , the plans and (xx) testaments were made in lahti , sponsors for the first project were sought from helsinki guests were invited to lahti from the capital and they were presented the good sides of the town with food and drink in modern terms lahti carried out efficient lobbying (xx) they also made the market the university idea to the parliament members of the region as well as (xx) it was important that lahti university idea had prominent supporters in helsinki who provided practical instructions . in 1911 six town competed for new finnish speaking university the towns had eager patriotic cultural persons who usually helped the town's important cause they didn't promote the university project , the most activ- active persons were teachers and journalists university committees were set up to make plans to help liaisons , helsinki newspapers wrote actively about the university question and newspapers in provinces campaigned for university in their own regions . in 1911 the , lahti people were encouraged to change tactics and proposed to the senate that the college for veterinary be founded in town , the lahti people chose this attractive as well and wrote petition to the senate but the issue got s- stuck when it was being circulated for comments after the outbreak of first world war lahti still tried to get veterinary college in the 1920s but then (the) college was founded in helsinki 1945 , jyväskylä attempted to take its own measures by launching summer university teaching in 1912 as the first town in finland it was believed that this activity could establish the idea of jyväskylä being the centre of higher education international models were taken into account also in finnish university debate jyväskylä followed the example of gothenburg where lectures and lawyers teachers and scientific discourses for the general public had been arranged already in the mid 19th century this gave birth to er the idea of the so-called free academy where one could pursue the finnish studies in modern subjects , the freedom into the studies didn't end any degrees or lead to any professions no such free academy was created in gothenburg but the ideas underlining the notion became the ideological heritage of gothenburg university . in turku in 1911 1917 journalist K M rantakari was extremely active in promoting the cause and thoughts (about) the finns from the university he used the university question as a (rhythm) in the language struggle same time in (xx) town and other swedish speaking universities in turku , during the first world war 1911 1917 the project of funding a new finnish speaking university didn't progress the plans didn't begin to take a concrete from form until 1917 when the time was right for a new university the university question was not decided by the towns' active approach and lobbying donations and construction sites or promises of financial support it can be said that the university question was decided by private donators private money collected by (xx) who rightly claimed to have a a fanatical faith in their cause it was possible to pursue the donators by emphasising the importance of finnish patriotism and the higher education of finnish in the independent finland as a consequence of private donators -s -s , (in) turku was founded both the finnish speaking turku university and the swedish speaking åbo akademi in early 30s . from theory the founding processes of the finnish and international universities it is interesting to analyse the extent to which regional and global interests have been taken into account the example of lahti shows the town would have wanted to get institution of higher education and in this case its supporters stressed the importance of an agricultural and veterinary college from the point of view of the region's main livelihood agriculture due to its good connections and growing business activities lahti had the basic requirements for a university location the regional significance of institution of higher education was understood in nine- in late 1910 for example in a speech in december 1917 professor J H vennola outlined his plan for a national network for institution of higher education , each region's institution of higher education would take into consideration the regional special circumstances in teaching and research activities according to vennola the institution (can) be located in a manner (xx) in close interaction with society and capital needs of society , in finland language policy competition with the swedish speakers decided the university question practical needs and development for regions were not an equally important motive at that time , private planning influenced the way the higher education would be launched this was the case at rochester for example in gothenburg in late 19th century the town authorities mainly fought for an institution of higher education concentrating commercial subjects and in other words a school of economics the town expanded with the help of the industry and commerce , the town had wealthy industrialists business men and merchants in the 1880s the town councillor set out a committee to look into basic requirements of founding an institution of higher education the opposing parties were humanist oriented free academy and practical commercial school however the councillors didn't have to make the decision as (third ultimately) appeared in the form of industrialist david (carnegie's) request of 500,000 pounds (xx) be using according to the wishes of industrialists , er (xx) of gothenburg university started out mainly as humanist institution it was a private institution and independent still it also had its connection with town in fact the gothenburg model has been compared to england's red brick universities , incidentally universities operated on the basis of private donations but they also had close ties with town administration . the transition period following the first world war (beginning) of finland's independence and the war of nine- 1918 influenced the founding of an other type of institution of higher education in addition to the universities in turku , already in 1917 it was suggested that finland needed an institution of higher education institute in general civic education soon the new college to be founded was named open college the really idea of the college as to providing opportunity for academic studies also for those who had not passed the matriculation examination , this open college later school of social science began its operation in 1925 five its founding was connected with social situation , <COUGH> of the the social situation in finland in , in 1917 after independence . in 1920s 1930s there were many local discussions about how to settle the university questions as an important industrial centre tampere expressed an interest partec- particularly in technical education as the town hosted country's oldest industrial school er , the technical school engineering college had been founded in tampere in late the 19th century in 1916 1919 discussions started for moving the technical university from helsinki to tampere , the issue was debated both in tampere newspapers and the newspapers of the capital tampere town er already donated the construction side site for (purpose) in the 19 in in 1920s and 1930s there were much controversy in tampere on how to get institution of high higher education so that the tampere youth could continue their studies in their home town here you can see tampere industrial (window) , the university institution has undergone a few stransforms- transformation after the second world war with the birth of so-called university masses an increase in the (xx) per each age group chooses to pursue academic studies , for example in the early 19th century finland the maximum of two per cent of age group <COUGH> registered in the university annually today more than a half of the age group passes the matriculation examination universities in finland and everywhere have been founded in new towns and a new kind of interaction has been created between town and gown town and university <P:06> in finland tampere town provides an interesting and exceptional example of town's determined activity in order to get an institution of higher education a university in the case of tampere many business and cultural (xx) place after the war years the matter of youth entering higher education increased this took place in all western countries and the system of institution of higher education has developed systematically already in the mid 1940s tampere wanted an institution of higher education and almost (xx) the goal was justified tampere was the third largest town in finland an important industrial town important town of school and also known for its theatres and culture even turku tampere's main rival had two universities , the leaders of of tampere town considered the fact that the town youth had to go elsewhere to (complete) their studies to be major drawback in terms of developing the town , the mayor wanted to keep the student money in home town the small group contemplated the questions related to higher education and the related to higher institution of education saw the importance of the institution and university teaching in a wider sense , the staff at the new institution of higher education would not necessary produce lar- large taxes but the institution would have other important consequences influencing the town's entire livelihood structure in an industrial town concentrating on the domestic market there was a need of services , all in all a new demand was to be increased at this point it was understood that the traditional traditional industry didn't guarantee the success of the town something new was called for the increase the town's attractiveness the university and institution of higher education would serve that purpose , while tampere town leaders were (bothering) on the town's development opportunities helsinki had to face the economic and space difficulties of the school of social (and) science- -ses which i mentioned earlier , this resulted in cooperation between the small school of social science , <COUGH> operating in helsinki and the leaders of tampere town the opportunities of developing the school were understood in tampere however tampere had to be able to pursue the school it's indeed interesting that tampere followed the exact exact example of lahti jyväskylä mikkeli and kuopio in 1910 and 1911 tampere founded university association organised a summer university and a science event determined efforts were made to create an image of tampere as a town providing higher education a scientific library was fo- founded <P:05> here we can see the ca- er becoming university area we are in the middle of this area now , in the history of universities it is rather unique for an institution of higher education to move from one town to another it's true that when such move happened in finland already in 1828 when turku academy was forced to move to helsinki , in the case of tampere money was the decisive factor tampere town offered such a lots financial suppor- support to the institution moving from helsinki that it can be claimed that tampere bought the school of social sciences , when the school of social science -ses started its operation in tampere in 1960 it entered a new phase of growth in its history , here is the new s- building . the interaction between tampere town and the university of tampere was so close that in the 1960s we can talk about the town university all in all tampere town has very farsighted in making the deal and decisions to move the school of social sciences to tampere in 1961 the school of social science- -ses had more than 900 major subject students and in the 1965 already more than four 4,000 students the school expanded in the <COUGH> during the 1960s faculties and (xx) created a big place the support of the town the industry and commerce the (xx) and the college provided the growth opportunity , the school of social sciences (upsized) with the faculty of humanities faculty of economics and administrations and in the 1970s faculties of medicine and education the school of social sciences became the university of tampere already in 1966 . finland's institution of higher education system started its funding in the 1950s 50s , northern finland and oulu as a scene of an institution of higher education had been suggested for the first time already at the beginning of the 20th century in the 1920s oulu was actively involved in the university question and the university association was founded in oulu northern finland got its university when oulu oulu university opened in 1959 this marked beginning of regional policy period (in) the finnish policy of institution of higher education oulu university got a st- good start before the institution of higher education in eastern finland began to demand more resources oulu soon became an important university town , in order to thrive the town needs university and university needs town in the 1950s and the 1960s development depending finland had a lot of interest (becoming to displace) national interests and principles stemming from research and teaching , universities institution of higher education advanced trade (xx) univer- -tsis universities expect from the towns solutions the expansion of opportunities through (xx) work policy companies expected professional labour from the universities experts and innovation are expected from the university on the , on the other hand the university expects expects funding for its research projects from industry and commerce towns like to project an image of a university towns for example . for example pori seinäjoki and hämeenlinna have made cooperation agreements with the universities in tampere turku as well as tampere technical university of university teaching in towns for example turku er for example pori has university centre but it has not an its own university . next , towns advertise their own universities as (xx) the late 1990s development in finland has indeed helped to closer (union) town and gown but system of institution of higher education has become more and more dependent on outside funding , and last pictures here is our new university area <P:05> and this is our old building 1960 thank you </S1>
